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Search for : Guilherme Leonel Arbex
ABSTRACT
Objective: The knowledge and the importance of the location of the arcuate line (AL) and its relation to anatomic landmarks in breast reconstruction with a transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap. Methods: Human cadaveric abdominal walls of 17 formalin-phenol-alcohol solution fixed cadavers were dissected and the AL, inferior deep epigastric vessels and its intersection with the lateral rectus abdominis muscle sheath were identified. With the abdominal cavity opened, the AL was identified by transilumination. The distance between AL to the pubic symphysis, to the umbilicus and to the level of the anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) were measured. Results: The AL was located at the upper third, between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis in 64% of the dissections. The distance of AL to umbilicus was found to be at a mean of 4.2 ± 1.6 cm and to pubic symphysis was 10.4 ± 1.5 cm. The AL was always located superior to the line draw between the ASIS at a mean of 2.7 ± 1.4 cm. Conclusion: The relationship between AL and surface anatomic landmarks such as ASIS, umbilicus and pubic symphysis is important to a better preoperative knowledge of the AL location and it helps preoperative planning.
Keywords: Abdominal wall/anatomy & histology. Abdominal wall/surgery. Breast/surgery.
RESUMO
Objetivo: Ressaltar a importância da localização da linha semicircular, e suas relações anatômicas, durante as reconstruções mamárias com retalho miocutâneo de reto-abdominal. Método: A parede abdominal de 17 cadáveres formolizados foi dissecada por planos, identificando-se a linha semicircular (LSC), os vasos epigástricos profundos inferiores e sua intersecção com a borda lateral do músculo reto-abdominal. A cavidade abdominal também foi aberta e visualizada a LSC sob transiluminação. Mediu-se a distância da LSC à cicatriz umbilical e ao púbis, além da distância de uma linha imaginária entre as espinhas ilíacas ântero-superiores. Resultados: Em 64% das dissecções, a LSC localizava-se no 1/3 superior da distância compreendida entre a cicatriz umbilical e o púbis. A média da distância da cicatriz umbilical à LSC foi de 4,2 ± 1,6 cm. A da LSC ao púbis foi de 10,4 ± 1,5 cm. A linha biespinha estava localizada sempre abaixo da LSC, estando disposta a cerca de 2,7 ± 1,4 cm. Conclusão: A projeção da LSC a partir da linha biespinha, assim como da cicatriz umbilical ou do púbis, nos oferece pontos externos de referência importantes para a localização da LSC e, portanto, para um planejamento pré-operatório mais seguro.
Palavras-chave: Parede abdominal/anatomia & histologia. Parede abdominal/cirurgia. Mama/cirurgia.
ABSTRACT
Introduction Proper postoperative pain management in breast surgeries reduces complications, improves patient comfort, and decreases opioid use. Pectoralis nerve (PECS) blocks I and II are effective peripheral analgesic techniques in this context, promoting hemodynamic stability and faster recovery. The present article reviews the literature on PECS block efficacy in breast surgery analgesia and its relationship with reduced opioid use.
Materials and Methods We performed a systematic search in the PubMed database using the keywords breast surgery, pectoral nerve block, and opioid use. We included clinical trials published from January 2016 to April 2023 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish on the effects of PECS blocks I and II in breast surgeries, with a focus on pain control, opioid use, antiemetic requirements, length of hospital stay, and associated complications. We selected 14 articles after applying the eligibility criteria.
Results The PECS blocks demonstrated superior postoperative analgesia and reduced opioid use compared to general anesthesia or other interfascial blocks. They also resulted in lower rescue analgesia requirements and fewer complications.
Conclusion The PECS blocks are an effective strategy for postoperative pain management in breast surgeries, reducing opioid use and its adverse effects, while promoting better patient recovery.
Keywords: analgesia; breast; opioid analgesics; pain; postoperative pain
RESUMO
Introduction Proper postoperative pain management in breast surgeries reduces complications, improves patient comfort, and decreases opioid use. Pectoralis nerve (PECS) blocks I and II are effective peripheral analgesic techniques in this context, promoting hemodynamic stability and faster recovery. The present article reviews the literature on PECS block efficacy in breast surgery analgesia and its relationship with reduced opioid use.
Materials and Methods We performed a systematic search in the PubMed database using the keywords breast surgery, pectoral nerve block, and opioid use. We included clinical trials published from January 2016 to April 2023 in Portuguese, English, and Spanish on the effects of PECS blocks I and II in breast surgeries, with a focus on pain control, opioid use, antiemetic requirements, length of hospital stay, and associated complications. We selected 14 articles after applying the eligibility criteria.
Results The PECS blocks demonstrated superior postoperative analgesia and reduced opioid use compared to general anesthesia or other interfascial blocks. They also resulted in lower rescue analgesia requirements and fewer complications.
Conclusion The PECS blocks are an effective strategy for postoperative pain management in breast surgeries, reducing opioid use and its adverse effects, while promoting better patient recovery.
analgesia; breast; opioid analgesics; pain; postoperative pain
Introdução O controle adequado da dor pós-operatória em cirurgias de mamárias reduz complicações, melhora o conforto do paciente e diminui o consumo de opioides. Os bloqueios do nervo peitoral (pectoralis nerve, PECS, em inglês) I e II são técnicas analgésicas periféricas eficazes nesse contexto, pois promovem estabilidade hemodinâmica e recuperação mais rápida. Este artigo revisa a literatura sobre a eficácia do bloqueio PECS na analgesia para cirurgia de mama e sua relação com a redução do uso de opioides.
Materiais e Métodos A base de dados PubMed foi sistematicamente pesquisada utilizando os descritores cirurgia mamária, bloqueio de nervo peitoral e consumo de opioide. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos publicados entre janeiro de 2016 e abril de 2023, em português, inglês e espanhol, que avaliaram o efeito dos bloqueios PECS I e II em cirurgias mamárias, considerando controle da dor, uso de opioides, necessidade de antieméticos, tempo de internação e complicações. Após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, 14 estudos foram selecionados.
Resultados O bloqueio PECS demonstrou superioridade na analgesia pós-operatória e redução do consumo de opioides quando comparado a anestesia geral e a outros bloqueios interfasciais, além demenor necessidade de analgesia de resgate emenores taxas de complicações.
Conclusão O bloqueio PECS é uma estratégia eficaz no controle da dor pós-operatória em cirurgias mamárias, pois reduz a necessidade de opioides e seus efeitos adversos, o que favorece a recuperação do paciente.
Palavras-chave: analgesia; dor; dor pós-operatória; mama; analgésicos opioides